Three Different
Theories of Truth
The
Correspondence Theory of Truth:
The
Correspondence Theory of Truth is probably the most common and widespread way
of understanding the nature of truth and falsehood. Put quite simply, the
Correspondence Theory argues that “truth” is whatever corresponds to reality.
An idea which corresponds with reality is true while an idea which does not
correspond with reality is false.
It
is important to note here that “truth” is not a property of “facts.” This may
seem odd at first, but a distinction is being made here between facts and
beliefs. A fact is some set of circumstances in the world while a belief is an
opinion about those what those facts are. A fact cannot be either true or false, it simply is because that is the way the world is. A
belief, however, is capable of being true or false because it may or may not
accurately describe the world.
Under
the Correspondence Theory of Truth, the reason why we label certain beliefs as
“true” is because they correspond to those facts about the world. Thus, the
belief that the sky is blue is a “true” belief because of the fact that the sky
is blue. Along with beliefs, we can count statements, propositions, sentences,
etc. as capable of being true or false.
The
idea that truth consists in whatever matches reality can be traced back at
least as far as Plato and was picked up in the philosophy of Aristotle.
However, it was not long before critics found a problem, perhaps best expressed
in the paradox formulated by Eubulides, a student of
the
According
to Eubulides, the Correspondence Theory of Truth
leaves us in the lurch when we are confronted with statements such as “I am
lying” or “What I am saying here is false.” Those are statements, and hence
capable of being true or false. However, if they are true because they
correspond with reality, then they are false and if they are false because they
fail to correspond with reality, then they must be true. Thus, no matter what
we say about the truth or falsehood of these statements, we immediately
contradict ourselves.
This
does not mean that the Correspondence Theory of Truth is wrong or useless and,
to be perfectly honest, it is difficult to give up such an intuitively obvious
idea that truth must match reality. Nevertheless, the above criticisms should
indicate that it probably isn’t a comprehensive explanation of the nature of
truth. Arguably, it is a fair description of what truth should be, but it may
not be an adequate description of how truth actually “works” in human minds and
social situations.
The
Coherence Theory of Truth:
The Coherence Theory of truth is probably second in popularity to the Correspondence Theory even though it often seems to be an accurate description of how our conception of truth actually works. Put simply: a belief is true when we are able to incorporate it in an orderly and logical manner into a larger and complex system of beliefs or, even more simply still, a belief is true when it fits in with the set of all our other beliefs without creating a contradiction.
Sometimes
this seems like an odd way to actually describe truth. After all, a belief can
be an inaccurate description of reality and fit in with a larger, complex
system of further inaccurate descriptions of reality, according to the
Coherence Theory, that inaccurate belief would still be called “truth” even
though it didn’t actually describe the way the world really was. Does that
really make any sense?
Well,
possibly … the reason is because statements can’t really be verified in
isolation. Whenever you test an idea, you are also actually testing a whole set
of ideas at the same time. For example, when you pick up a ball in your hand
and drop it, it isn’t simply our belief about gravity which is tested but also
our beliefs about a host of other things, not least of which would be the
accuracy of our visual perception.
So,
if statements are only tested as part of larger groups, then one might conclude
that a statement can be classified as “true” not so much because it can be
verified against reality but rather because it could be integrated into a group
of complex ideas, the whole set of which could then be tested against reality. In
this case Coherence Theory isn’t that far from the Correspondence Theory and the
reason is that while individual statements may be judged as true or false based
upon their ability to cohere with a larger system, it is assumed
that that system is one which accurately corresponds to reality.
Because of this, the Coherence
Theory does manage to capture something important about the way we actually
conceive of truth in our daily lives. It isn’t that unusual to dismiss
something as false precisely because it fails to cohere with a system of ideas
which we are confident are true. Granted, maybe the system we assume to be true
is quite a way off the mark, but so long as it
continues to be successful and is capable of slight adjustments in the light of
new data, our confidence is reasonable.
The
Pragmatic Theory of Truth:
The
Pragmatic Theory of truth determines whether or not a belief is true or not
based on whether it has a useful (pragmatic) application in the world. If it
does not, then it is not true. As with Coherence Theory, truth in this sense is
nothing to do with the way the world ‘really is’ but is just a function of
whether an idea can be used as a model to make useful predictions about what is
going to happen in the world. As a result pragmatic truths can only be learnt through
interaction with the world: we don’t discover truth by sitting alone in a room
and thinking about it.
There
are, of course, a number of obvious objections that can be raised against the
Pragmatic Theory of Truth. For one thing, the notion of “what works” is very
ambiguous. What happens when a belief works in one sense, but fails in another?
For example, a belief that one will succeed may give a person the psychological
strength needed to accomplish a great deal but in the end, they may fail in
their ultimate goal. Was their belief “true”?
Furthermore,
when a belief “works” in this sense, why call it “true”? Why not call it
something like “useful”? A useful belief is not necessarily the same as a true belief
and, what’s worse, is that people don’t typically use the word “true” in normal
conversation to mean useful. For example, for the average person, the statement
“It is useful to believe that my spouse is faithful” does not at all mean the
same as “It is true that my spouse is faithful.” Granted, it may be the case
that true beliefs are also usually the ones that are useful, but not always. As
Nietzsche argued, sometimes untruth may be more useful than truth.
Now,
pragmatism may be a handy means for distinguishing truth from untruth. After
all, that which is true should produce predictable consequences for us in our
lives. In order to determine what is real and what is unreal, it would not be
unreasonable to focus primarily upon that which works. This, however, is not
quite the same as the Pragmatic Theory of Truth.
Adapted from articles by Austin Cline
http://atheism.about.com/b/2007/05/29/epistemology-correspondence-theory-of-truth.htm